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Year 2 · Subject
Physiology
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011.1Body fluid compartments and their determination. The extracellular and intravascular fluid.体液区画とその測定。細胞外液と血管内液。021.2Structure, permeability and transport functions of the cell membrane. Transepithelial transports細胞膜の構造・透過性・輸送機能。経上皮輸送。031.3Signal transduction: receptors, G proteins, second messengers.シグナル伝達：受容体・Gタンパク質・セカンドメッセンジャー。041.4Classification, function and main features of ion channels. Voltage-gated Ca2+ channels. Cellular calcium metabolism.イオンチャネルの分類・機能・主な特徴。電位依存性Ca²⁺チャネル。細胞のカルシウム代謝。051.5The development of the resting membrane potential. The development and properties of the electrotonic potential.静止膜電位の成立。電気緊張電位の成立と性質。061.6The development of the action potential in excitable cells: similarities and differences between distinct cells. Conduction of the action potential.興奮性細胞における活動電位の発生：細胞間の共通点と相違点。活動電位の伝導。071.7Physiology of nerve cells. Synaptic transmission and its regulation. Neurotransmitters.神経細胞の生理学。シナプス伝達とその調節。神経伝達物質。081.8The physiology of smooth muscle. The functions of different types of smooth muscle.平滑筋の生理学。各種平滑筋の機能。091.9Neuromuscular junction and physiology of the skeletal muscle.神経筋接合部と骨格筋の生理学。101.10Parasympathetic and sympathetic efferent mechanisms.副交感神経および交感神経の遠心性機構。112.1Impulse generation and conduction in the heart. Mechanism of pacemaker potential. Control of pacemaker activity and impulse conduction.心臓における興奮の発生と伝導。ペースメーカー電位の機序。ペースメーカー活動と興奮伝導の調節。122.2Electrocardiography, the human electrocardiogram.心電図法とヒトの心電図。132.3The heart cycle. Changes in pressure and volume during the cardiac cycle. Heart sounds.心周期。心周期における圧と容積の変化。心音。142.4Pump function of the heart. Cardiac output and its control.心臓のポンプ機能。心拍出量とその調節。152.5Organization of the circulatory system. Hemodynamic functions of different vessel segments in the systemic circulation. Biophysical basis of blood flow. Relationship of pressure and flow.循環系の構成。体循環における各血管区分の血行動態的機能。血流の生物物理学的基礎。圧と流量の関係。162.6Measurement of arterial blood pressure. Factors influencing arterial blood pressure.動脈血圧の測定。動脈血圧に影響する因子。172.7Functional organization of microcirculation and its control. Control of interstitial fluid volume, Starling forces.微小循環の機能的構成とその調節。間質液量の調節、スターリングの力。182.8Venous circulation, factors determining venous pressure and flow. Control of capacity vessels. Lymph flow.静脈循環、静脈圧と静脈流を決定する因子。容量血管の調節。リンパ流。192.9Local control of circulation. Myogenic, humoral control mechanisms. Functional and reactive hyperemia.循環の局所調節。筋原性・液性調節機構。機能性充血と反応性充血。202.10Neurohormonal and reflex control of circulation: baroreceptor and chemoreceptor reflexes. Cardiovascular centers.循環の神経体液性・反射性調節：圧受容器反射と化学受容器反射。心血管中枢。212.11Circulation of the skeletal muscle. Circulatory effects of physical exercise. Splanchnic circulation.骨格筋の循環。運動が循環に及ぼす影響。内臓循環。222.12Coronary circulation. Circulation of the brain. Cerebrospinal fluid. Blood-brain barrier.冠循環。脳循環。脳脊髄液。血液脳関門。233.1Lung volumes. Dead space in the breathing apparatus. Alveolar ventilation. Mechanical properties of the airways, chest wall and lung. Pressure-volume relationship in the respiratory system, surface tension in the alveolus and compliance of the chest wall.肺気量。呼吸器系の死腔。肺胞換気。気道・胸壁・肺の力学的性質。呼吸器系の圧-容積関係、肺胞の表面張力、胸壁のコンプライアンス。243.2Gas exchange in the respiratory system. The pulmonary circulation. Ventilation-perfusion relationship.呼吸器系におけるガス交換。肺循環。換気血流比。253.3Oxygen and carbon dioxide transport. Hemoglobin. Types of hypoxia.酸素と二酸化炭素の運搬。ヘモグロビン。低酸素症の種類。263.4Localization and function of the respiratory control centers. Neural and chemical control of the respiration.呼吸中枢の局在と機能。呼吸の神経性・化学性調節。273.5Cardiopulmonary adaptation during change in the body position and during physical exercise.体位変換時および運動時の心肺適応。284.1Circulation of the kidney. Glomerular-filtration.腎循環。糸球体濾過。294.2Tubular transport processes.尿細管輸送過程。304.3Concentration and dilution in the kidney. The function of the urinary bladder and the regulation of the urination.腎における尿の濃縮と希釈。膀胱の機能と排尿の調節。314.4Control of body fluid volumes and extracellular fluid osmolality.体液量と細胞外液浸透圧の調節。324.5The acid-base balance. The role of the lung and kidney in the regulation of the pH and in the compensation of acid-base imbalances.酸塩基平衡。pH調節と酸塩基平衡異常の代償における肺と腎の役割。335.1Hematopoiesis. The composition of the blood.造血。血液の組成。345.2Hemostasis and the role of thrombocytes.止血と血小板の役割。355.3Blood coagulation. Fibrinolysis. Physiological anticoagulant mechanisms.血液凝固。線溶。生理的抗凝固機構。365.4The human blood group systems.ヒトの血液型システム。376.1Regulation in the gastrointestinal tract: enteric nervous system and gastrointestinal hormones.消化管における調節：腸管神経系と消化管ホルモン。386.2Motor functions of the gastrointestinal tract and their control消化管の運動機能とその調節。396.3Function of the salivary glands and regulation of salivary secretion. Gastric secretion and its control.唾液腺の機能と唾液分泌の調節。胃液分泌とその調節。406.4Exocrine secretion of pancreas and its regulation. Bile production of the liver. Metabolism and secretion of bile pigments.膵臓の外分泌とその調節。肝臓の胆汁産生。胆汁色素の代謝と分泌。416.5Degradation and absorption of nutrients. Absorption of water, potassium and sodium. Absorption of iron and vitamin B12.栄養素の分解と吸収。水・カリウム・ナトリウムの吸収。鉄とビタミンB12の吸収。426.6Energy balance of the body. The quantitative and qualitative requirements of food. The regulation of food intake. Control of body weight.身体のエネルギー平衡。食物の量的・質的必要量。食物摂取の調節。体重の調節。437.1The hypothalamus-pituitary gland system. Growth hormone and somatomedins.視床下部-下垂体系。成長ホルモンとソマトメジン。447.2The function of the adrenal cortex.副腎皮質の機能。457.3Production and effects of thyroid hormones (T3/T4). The regulation of their secretion.甲状腺ホルモン（T3/T4）の産生と作用。その分泌の調節。467.4Insulin secretion and the regulation of the secretion. The effects of insulin on the intermediary metabolism. Diabetes mellitus.インスリン分泌とその調節。インスリンの中間代謝への作用。糖尿病。477.5Glucagon secretion and the regulation of the secretion. Endocrine mechanisms protecting from hypoglycemia. Endocrine and metabolic changes related to starving and physical exercise.グルカゴン分泌とその調節。低血糖から保護する内分泌機構。飢餓および運動に関連する内分泌・代謝変化。487.6Calcium metabolism. The physiology of bone and growth.カルシウム代謝。骨と成長の生理学。497.7Endocrine physiology of sexual development. Male reproductive physiology.性成熟の内分泌生理学。男性生殖生理学。507.8Female sexual endocrinology.女性性内分泌学。517.9Endocrinology of pregnancy, delivery, and lactation.妊娠・分娩・授乳の内分泌学。527.10The function of adrenal medulla. Adaptation to environmental stress.副腎髄質の機能。環境ストレスへの適応。538.1Physiology of nerve and glia cells.神経細胞とグリア細胞の生理学。548.2The somatovisceral Sensory System: properties of the receptors, afferent pathways, role of the thalamus and the cerebral cortex. Tactile sensations.体性内臓感覚系：受容器の性質、求心路、視床と大脳皮質の役割。触覚。558.3Physiology of pain sensation.痛覚の生理学。568.4Physiology of vision.視覚の生理学。578.5Physiology of hearing.聴覚の生理学。588.6Physiology of equilibrium. The senses of taste and smell.平衡感覚の生理学。味覚と嗅覚。598.7Motor functions of the spinal cord. Cord reflexes. Spinal cord transection and spinal shock.脊髄の運動機能。脊髄反射。脊髄離断と脊髄ショック。608.8Supraspinal regulation of muscle functions. Postural reflexes.筋機能の脊髄上位による調節。姿勢反射。618.9The role of the cerebellum and basal ganglia in motor functions.運動機能における小脳と大脳基底核の役割。628.10Thermoreceptors. Thermoregulation. Regulation of the circulation of the skin.温度受容器。体温調節。皮膚循環の調節。638.11Electroencephalogram (EEG); sleep phenomena. Learning and memory.脳波（EEG）；睡眠現象。学習と記憶。648.12Integration of autonomic responses. Regulation of behavioral mechanisms. Motivation. Emotion.自律神経反応の統合。行動機構の調節。動機づけ。情動。