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Year 1 · Subject
Biophysics
318 notes
0101.01Types of radiations放射線の種類0201.02Radiometric quantities放射測定量0301.03Dependence of irradiance on distance from the source放射源からの距離による放射照度の変化0401.04Attenuation law放射線の減弱則0502.01Fundamentals of geometric optics幾何光学の基礎0602.02Fermat’s principleフェルマーの原理0702.03Law of reflection反射の法則0802.04Law of refraction屈折の法則0902.05Total internal reflection and its applications全反射とその応用1002.06Image formation on a curved surface曲面での像形成1102.07Rules of image formation像形成の規則1202.08Principal light rays主要光線1302.09Lens equationレンズの式1402.10Refractive power屈折力1502.11Lens combinations組合せレンズ1602.12Concepts of magnification and angular magnification倍率と角倍率の概念1702.13Image formation by the light microscope光学顕微鏡による像形成1802.14Magnification in the light microscope光学顕微鏡の倍率1903.01Oscillations振動2003.02Types of waves波の種類2103.03Wave nature of light光の波動性2203.04Huygens-Fresnel principleホイヘンス＝フレネルの原理2303.05Wave interference波の干渉2403.06Wave diffraction波の回折2503.07Diffraction on an optical grating回折格子による回折2603.08Polarization of light光の偏光2703.09Interpretation of the color of light光の色の解釈2803.10Limit of resolution of the light microscope光学顕微鏡の分解能限界2903.11Phase contrast microscope位相差顕微鏡3003.12Polarization microscope偏光顕微鏡3104.01The electromagnetic spectrum電磁スペクトル3204.02Photon energy, the eV scale光子エネルギーとeV尺度3304.03Interpretation of momentum of light光の運動量の解釈3404.04Dual nature of light光の二重性3504.05The photoelectric effect光電効果3604.06Matter waves物質波3704.07Wave nature of the electron電子の波動性3804.08Heisenberg’s uncertainty principleハイゼンベルクの不確定性原理3904.09Models of the atom (Dalton, Thomson, Rutherford)原子模型：ドルトン・トムソン・ラザフォード4004.10Bohr’s atomic modelボーアの原子模型4104.11Franck-Hertz experimentフランク＝ヘルツ実験4204.12The bound electron, quantum numbers束縛電子と量子数4304.13Physical foundations of the periodic table周期表の物理学的基礎4404.14The electron microscope電子顕微鏡4505.01Potential energy of interatomic interactions原子間相互作用のポテンシャルエネルギー4605.02Primary and secondary bonds一次結合と二次結合4705.03Electronegativity電気陰性度4805.04Scanning probe microscopy (AMF)走査型プローブ顕微鏡（AFM）4905.05Resolving power of the atomic force microscope原子間力顕微鏡の分解能5006.01The ideal gas理想気体5106.02Kinetic gas theory気体分子運動論5206.03Pressure of ideal gases理想気体の圧力5306.04Maxwell-Boltzmann velocity distributionMaxwell＝Boltzmann速度分布5406.05Boltzmann distributionBoltzmann分布5506.06Macrostate and microstate in thermodynamics熱力学におけるマクロ状態とミクロ状態5606.07Boltzmann’s definition of entropyBoltzmannによるエントロピーの定義5706.08Applications of the Boltzmann-distribution I. : Nernst equationBoltzmann分布の応用I：Nernstの式5806.09Applications of the Boltzmann-distribution III.: barometric formulaBoltzmann分布の応用III：気圧公式5906.10Application of the Boltzmann-distribution II: equilibrium and rate of chemical reactions (Arrhenius plot)Boltzmann分布の応用II：化学反応の平衡・速度とArrhenius plot6006.11The real gas実在気体6106.12State equation of real gases実在気体の状態方程式6207.01The crystalline state (unit cell, crystal defects)結晶状態：unit cellとcrystal defects6307.02Optical properties of crystalline materials結晶材料の光学特性6407.03Energy levels of electrical insulators絶縁体のエネルギー準位6507.04Energy levels of electrical conductors導体のエネルギー準位6607.05Energy levels of intrinsic semiconductor真性半導体のエネルギー準位6707.06Types of doped semiconductorsドープ半導体の種類6807.07The function of the semiconductor diode半導体ダイオードの機能6907.08Application of the Boltzmann-distribution IV. electric conductivity of semiconductorsBoltzmann分布の応用IV：半導体の電気伝導7007.09The liquid state液体状態7107.10Thermotropic liquid crystalsサーモトロピック液晶7207.11Lyotropic liquid crystalsリオトロピック液晶7307.12Electro- and thermo-optical phenomena in liquid crystals液晶の電気光学・熱光学現象7408.01Light scattering (Rayleigh and Mie)光散乱―Rayleigh散乱とMie散乱7508.02Turbidimetry and nephelometry比濁法（turbidimetry）と散乱光度法（nephelometry）7608.03Dynamic light scattering動的光散乱法（dynamic light scattering）7708.04The Lambert-Beer lawLambert–Beerの法則7808.05Properties of the absorption spectrum吸収スペクトルの性質7908.06Measurement of the absorption spectrum吸収スペクトルの測定8009.01Absolute black body絶対黒体8109.02Thermal radiation熱放射8209.03Emission spectrum of the absolute black body絶対黒体の放射スペクトル8309.04Kirchhoff’s lawKirchhoffの法則8409.05Planck’s radiation lawPlanckの放射法則8509.06The Stefan-Boltzmann lawStefan–Boltzmannの法則8609.07Wien’s displacement lawWienの変位則8709.08Medical applications of thermal radiation熱放射の医学応用8810.01Energy levels of atoms and molecules: the Jablonski diagram原子・分子のエネルギー準位：Jablonski diagram8910.02Luminescence: excitation and relaxation発光：励起と緩和9010.03Notable transitions of luminescence: vibrational relaxation, intersystem crossing発光における重要な遷移：振動緩和と項間交差9110.04Kasha’s ruleKashaの法則9210.05Fluorescence蛍光9310.06Luminescence spectra発光スペクトル9410.07Stokes’ shiftStokes shift9510.08Phosphorescenceりん光9610.09Quantum yield of luminescence発光の量子収率9710.10Luminescence lifetime発光寿命9810.11The fluorescence spectrometer蛍光分光光度計9910.12Fluorescence microscopy蛍光顕微鏡10010.13FRETFörster resonance energy transfer（FRET）10110.14FRAPFluorescence recovery after photobleaching（FRAP）10211.01Laser: induced (stimulated) emissionLaser：誘導放出10311.02Laser: population inversionLaser：反転分布10411.03Laser: the optical resonatorLaser：光共振器10511.04Properties of laser lightLaser光の特性10611.05Types of lasersLaserの種類10711.06Application of lasersLaserの応用10812.01Structure of atomic nucleus原子核の構造10912.02Isotopes同位体11012.03Stability of the atomic nucleus原子核の安定性11112.04Production of isotopes同位体の生成11212.05Types of radioactive decay放射性崩壊の種類11312.06Alpha decayα崩壊11412.07Beta negative decayβ−崩壊11512.08Beta positive decayβ＋崩壊11612.09Gamma decayγ崩壊11712.10Activity放射能11812.11Differential and integral forms of the decay law崩壊法則の微分形と積分形11912.12Half-life and average lifetime of an isotope同位体の半減期と平均寿命12012.13Energy spectra of alpha, beta, and gamma radiationsα線・β線・γ線のエネルギースペクトル12112.14Interaction of alpha radiation with matterα線と物質の相互作用12212.15Interaction of beta negative radiation with matterβ−線と物質の相互作用12312.16Interaction of beta positive radiation with matterβ＋線と物質の相互作用12412.17Interaction of gamma radiation with matter I: photo effectγ線と物質の相互作用I：光電効果12512.18Interaction of gamma radiation with matter II: compton scatterγ線と物質の相互作用II：Compton散乱12612.19Interaction of gamma radiation with matter III: pair productionγ線と物質の相互作用III：電子対生成12712.20Neutron radiation, proton radiation, the Bragg-peak中性子線・陽子線・Bragg peak12813.01Scintillation counter I.: the scintillation crystalScintillation counter I：scintillation crystal12913.02Scintillation counter II.: the photomultiplier tubeScintillation counter II：photomultiplier tube13013.03The gas ionization chamber気体電離箱13113.04The Geiger-Müller counterGeiger–Müller counter13213.05Semiconductor detectors in dosimetry線量測定に用いる半導体検出器13313.06Physical, chemical and biological phases of radiation effects放射線影響の物理相・化学相・生物相13413.07Thermoluminescent dosimetry熱ルミネセンス線量測定13513.08The absorbed dose吸収線量13613.09Converting exposure in air to absorbed dose in tissue空気中の照射線量から組織吸収線量への換算13713.10Weighting factors in dosimetry線量測定の荷重係数13813.11The equivalent dose等価線量13913.12The effective dose実効線量14013.13The stochastic radiation effect確率的放射線影響14113.14The deterministic radiation effect確定的放射線影響14213.15The direct and indirect effects of ionizing radiations電離放射線の直接作用と間接作用14313.16The dose rate線量率14413.17Typical dose values and dose limits代表的線量と線量限度14513.18ALARA-principleALARA原則14614.01Information obtained by isotope diagnostics核医学診断で得られる情報14714.02Principles of selecting the isotope for diagnostics according to half-life半減期に基づく診断用同位体の選択14814.03Principles of selecting the isotope for diagnostics according to radiation type and energy放射線の種類とエネルギーに基づく診断用同位体の選択14914.04Definition of radiopharmaceutical放射性医薬品の定義15014.05Parts and function of Tc-generatorTechnetium generatorの構成と機能15114.06Parts and function of gamma cameraGamma cameraの構成と機能15214.07ScintigraphyScintigraphy15314.08Interpretation of a typical isotope accumulation curve典型的な同位体集積曲線の解釈15414.09Determination of the biological half-life of an organ臓器の生物学的半減期の決定15514.10Parts and working principle of PETPETの構成と作動原理15614.11SPECTSPECT15714.12Multimodal imaging: PET/CT and SPECT/MRIMultimodal imaging：PET/CTとSPECT/MRI15814.13Cost-benefit principle in isotope diagnostics核医学診断の費用便益原則15914.14Relative depth dose相対深部線量16014.15Teletherapy, geometric viewpointsTeletherapyの幾何学16114.16Role of collimators in radiation therapy, gamma-knife放射線治療におけるcollimatorとGamma Knife16214.17Principles of brachytherapyBrachytherapyの原理16315.01Classification and comparison of signals信号の分類と比較16415.02Typical frequency and amplitude ranges of biological signals生体信号の代表的周波数・振幅範囲16515.03Fourier-theorem for periodic and aperiodic signals周期・非周期信号のFourier theorem16615.04Feedback amplifiersFeedback amplifier16715.05Parts and function of filter circuitsFilter circuitの構成と機能16815.06Digitization of analog signalsAnalog signalのdigital化16915.07Shannon-Nyquist theoremShannon–Nyquist theorem17015.08Processing of pulse signalsPulse signalの処理17116.01Typical diagnostic wavelength and photon energy range of X-rayX線の典型的な診断用波長・光子エネルギー範囲17216.02Structure and function of the X-ray tubeX線管の構造と機能17316.03Power and efficiency of the X-ray tubeX線管の出力と効率17416.04Spectrum of Bremsstrahlung制動放射のスペクトル17516.05The Duane–Hunt lawデュアン–ハントの法則17616.06Production of characteristic X-rays特性X線の生成17716.07Mechanisms and energy dependence of X-ray absorptionX線吸収の機序とエネルギー依存性17816.08The X-ray summation imageX線の重積画像17916.09X-ray contrast mediaX線造影剤18016.10X-ray image amplifier (image intensifier)X線イメージインテンシファイア18116.11DSA (Digital Subtraction Angiography)デジタルサブトラクション血管造影（DSA）18216.12CAT-scan principles and generationsCTの原理と世代18316.13CAT-scan image reconstructionCT画像再構成18416.14Hounsfield unit and windowing in CAT scanCTのハンスフィールド単位とウィンドウ処理18516.15Production of high-energy X-rays高エネルギーX線の生成18617.01Sound as a wave波としての音18717.02Generation and detection of ultrasound超音波の発生と検出18817.03Acoustic impedance and reflection of sound (reflectivity)音響インピーダンスと音の反射率18917.04Propagation of ultrasound in air and in the body空気中・生体内での超音波伝播19017.05Absorption of ultrasound超音波の吸収19117.06The pulse-echo principleパルスエコー原理19217.07Imaging modes in sonography超音波検査の画像表示モード19317.08The Doppler effect and the Doppler shiftドプラ効果とドプラ偏移19417.09Effects of ultrasound and therapeutic applications超音波の作用と治療応用19518.01Physical quantities for describing transport of matter物質輸送を記述する物理量19618.02Basics of diffusion — concepts and thermal motion拡散の基礎―概念と熱運動19718.03Brownian motion — random walkブラウン運動―ランダムウォーク19818.04The diffusion coefficient — Einstein–Stokes equation拡散係数―アインシュタイン–ストークス方程式19918.05Fick’s first lawフィックの第一法則20018.06Fick’s second lawフィックの第二法則20118.07Heat transport — Fourier’s law熱輸送―フーリエの法則20218.08Thermodiffusion熱拡散20318.09Osmosis, osmotic pressure, osmolarity浸透・浸透圧・浸透圧濃度20419.01Fundamentals I — types of systems熱力学の基礎I―系の種類20519.02Extensive and intensive quantities示量変数と示強変数20619.03Fundamentals II — change of internal energy熱力学の基礎II―内部エネルギー変化20719.04Fundamentals III — types of energy; enthalpy熱力学の基礎III―エネルギーの種類とエンタルピー20819.05First law — applications to biological systems第一法則―生体系への応用20919.06Entropy and its connection with orderエントロピーと秩序の関係21019.07Second law — direction of spontaneous processes第二法則―自発過程の方向21119.08Third law熱力学第三法則21219.09Isobaric, isothermal, isothermal–isobaric systems等圧・等温・等温等圧系21319.10Thermodynamic potentials熱力学ポテンシャル21419.11Direction of processes in isolated / isothermal systems孤立系・等温系における過程の方向21519.12Equilibrium conditions of thermodynamic systems熱力学系の平衡条件21620.01Volumetric flow rate; stationary flow体積流量と定常流21720.02Continuity equation連続の式21820.03Bernoulli’s law; plasma skimmingベルヌーイの法則と血漿スキミング21920.04Real fluids — Newton’s law of friction実在流体―ニュートンの粘性法則22020.05Hagen–Poiseuille law; flow resistanceハーゲン–ポアズイユの法則と流動抵抗22120.06Stokes’ drag lawストークスの抵抗法則22220.07Laminar and turbulent flow層流と乱流22320.08Reynolds number; critical velocityレイノルズ数と臨界速度22420.09Determinants of blood viscosity血液粘度の決定因子22521.01Matter transport through the cell membrane細胞膜を介する物質輸送22621.02Diffusion of ions across the membrane — permeability膜を介するイオン拡散と透過性（permeability）22721.03Electrochemical potential電気化学ポテンシャル22821.04The Donnan equilibriumドナン平衡22921.05Resting transmembrane potential静止膜電位23021.06Transport model and the Goldman–Hodgkin–Katz equation輸送モデルとGHK方程式23121.07Electric model of the membrane細胞膜の電気回路モデル23221.08Membrane potential change as a function of time時間に伴う膜電位変化23321.09Membrane potential change as a function of space空間に伴う膜電位変化23421.10Properties of the action potential活動電位の性質23521.11Ion currents during the action potential活動電位中のイオン電流23621.12Propagation of the action potential; refractory period活動電位の伝播と不応期23721.13Electric signals measured on the body surface体表面で測定される電気信号23821.14Einthoven triangle — integral vectorアイントーベン三角形（Einthoven triangle）と積分ベクトル（integral vector）23921.15Explaining the ECG curveECG波形の説明24021.16ECG leads I — bipolar limb leadsECG誘導I―双極肢誘導24121.17ECG leads III — (semi)unipolar limb leadsECG誘導III―増高単極肢誘導24221.18ECG leads II — unipolar chest leadsECG誘導II―単極胸部誘導24321.19Role of the differential amplifier in ECG equipmentECG装置における差動増幅器の役割24422.01Steps of sensory signal transduction感覚信号変換の段階24522.02Information coding by the receptor potential受容器電位による情報符号化24622.03Sensory adaptation感覚順応24722.04Information coding by the action potential活動電位による感覚情報の符号化24822.05Weber–Fechner lawウェーバー・フェヒナーの法則24922.06Stevens’ lawスティーヴンスのべき法則25022.07Photoreceptors of the retina網膜の視細胞25122.08Reaction steps of light sensation光感覚の反応過程25222.09Basis of colour sensing色覚の基礎25322.10Biophysics of hearing I — the outer ear聴覚の生物物理学I：外耳25422.11Biophysics of hearing II — the middle ear聴覚の生物物理学II：中耳25522.12Biophysics of hearing III — Békésy’s model聴覚の生物物理学III：ベーケーシーの進行波モデル25622.13Biophysics of hearing IV — transduction in hair cells聴覚の生物物理学IV：有毛細胞の信号変換25722.14Signal amplification by hair cells有毛細胞による信号増幅25822.15The phon scaleフォン尺度（phon scale）25922.16The sone scaleソーン尺度（sone scale）26023.01Structure and properties of water水の構造と性質26123.02Anomalous behaviour of water水の異常な性質26223.03Phase diagram of water水の相図26323.04Structure of biopolymers生体高分子の構造26423.05Structural hierarchy of proteinsタンパク質の構造階層26523.06Protein-stabilising interactionsタンパク質構造を安定化する相互作用26623.07Protein foldingタンパク質フォールディング26724.01Biomechanics I — stress–strain diagram and its ranges生体力学I：応力–ひずみ線図（stress–strain diagram）と各領域26824.02Biomechanics II — Hooke’s law, Young’s modulus生体力学II：フックの法則とヤング率（Young's modulus）26924.03Viscoelasticity I — mechanical model粘弾性（viscoelasticity） I：力学モデル27024.04Viscoelasticity II — stress relaxation, energy dissipation粘弾性II：応力緩和（stress relaxation）とエネルギー散逸（energy dissipation）27124.05Biomechanical characteristics of bone and enamel骨とエナメル質（enamel）の生体力学的特性27224.06Biomechanics of elastic arteries — distensibility弾性動脈の生体力学（biomechanics）：伸展性（distensibility）27324.07Biomechanics IV — Laplace–Frank equation生体力学IV：ラプラス・フランク方程式27424.08Biopolymer elasticity生体高分子の弾性（biopolymer elasticity）27524.09Structure and elasticity of DNADNAの構造と弾性27624.10Structure and types of motor proteinsモータータンパク質（motor protein）の構造と種類27724.11Processivity, force range, working distance of motor proteinsモータータンパク質の連続運動性（processivity）・力・移動距離（working distance）27824.12Cross-bridge cycle of skeletal-muscle myosin骨格筋ミオシン（myosin）のクロスブリッジ周期（cross-bridge cycle）27924.13Sliding-filament model of muscle contraction筋収縮の滑走フィラメント説（sliding-filament model）28024.14Muscle biophysics I — twitch, summation, tetanus筋生物物理I：単収縮（twitch）・加重（summation）・強縮（tetanus）28124.15Muscle biophysics II — isometric and isotonic contraction筋生物物理II：等尺性収縮（isometric contraction）と等張性収縮（isotonic contraction）28224.16Muscle biophysics III — work, power; force–velocity curve筋生物物理III：仕事（work）・パワー（power）・力–速度曲線（force–velocity curve）28325.01Bragg diffraction of X-raysX線のブラッグ回折（Bragg diffraction）28425.02Determination of molecular structure by X-ray crystallographyX線結晶構造解析（X-ray crystallography）による分子構造決定28525.03Ionization methods in mass spectrometry — ESI, MALDI質量分析（mass spectrometry）の電離（ionization）：ESIとMALDI28625.04Time-of-flight principle in mass spectrometry質量分析における飛行時間法（time-of-flight principle）28725.05Mass spectrometry in medicine — proteomics, diagnostics, iKnife医療における質量分析：プロテオミクス（proteomics）・診断・iKnife28826.01Stern–Gerlach experimentシュテルン・ゲルラッハ実験28926.02Zeeman effectゼーマン効果29026.03Larmor precession and nuclear magnetic resonanceラーモア歳差運動と核磁気共鳴29126.04Chemical shift化学シフト29226.05Differences between NMR and ESR spectroscopyNMR分光法とESR分光法の違い29326.06Macroscopic magnetization in MRI — spin–lattice relaxationMRIにおける巨視的磁化―スピン–格子緩和（spin–lattice relaxation）29426.07Macroscopic magnetization in MRI — spin–spin relaxationMRIにおける巨視的磁化―スピン–スピン緩和（spin–spin relaxation）29526.08Spatial encoding in MRIMRIの空間符号化（spatial encoding）29626.09MRI contrast — proton density, T1 and T2 weightingMRIコントラスト―プロトン密度、T1・T2強調29727.01Circulatory biophysics — function of the vascular system循環の生物物理―血管系の機能29827.02Electrical description of heart function心機能の電気的記述29927.03The cardiac cycle心周期30027.04Pressure–volume relation of the heart心臓の圧力–容積（pressure–volume）関係30127.05Work of the heart心臓の仕事30227.06Changes in pressure in the circulatory system循環系における圧力変化30327.07Pressure relations in the arterial system動脈系の圧力関係30427.08Changes in total cross-section of vessels血管総断面積の変化30527.09Changes in flow velocity in the vascular system血管系における流速変化30627.10Auxiliary factors of circulation — the Windkessel effect循環の補助因子―ウィンドケッセル効果30728.01Conductive and gas-exchange parts of the respiratory system呼吸器系の伝導部とガス交換部30828.02Box model of the human respiratory systemヒト呼吸器系の箱型モデル（box model）30928.03Respiratory cycle呼吸周期（respiratory cycle）31028.04Respiratory volumes and capacities肺気量と肺容量（respiratory volumes and capacities）31128.05Biomechanics of respiration — compliance, obstructive/restrictive disease呼吸の生体力学（biomechanics）―コンプライアンスと閉塞性・拘束性疾患31228.06Respiratory work呼吸仕事31328.07Respiratory biophysics I — partial pressure, Henry’s law呼吸の生物物理I―分圧とヘンリーの法則31428.08Gas exchange between blood and alveoli血液―肺胞間のガス交換（gas exchange）31528.09Biophysics of physical examination I — inspection身体診察の生物物理I―視診31628.10Biophysics of physical examination II — palpation身体診察の生物物理II―触診31728.11Biophysics of physical examination III — percussion身体診察の生物物理III―打診31828.12Biophysics of physical examination IV — auscultation身体診察の生物物理IV―聴診